[325] Sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies read Nietzsche avidly from his early life, and later frequently discussed many of his concepts in his own works. (For example, Elisabeth removed aphorism 35 of The Antichrist, where Nietzsche rewrote a passage of the Bible.) For I am such and such a person. Lo Stato di diritto e la morte dello Stato in Nietzsche; Italiano. Nietzsche would ultimately argue the impossibility of an evolutionary explanation of the human aesthetic sense. He owed the awakening of his philosophical interest to reading Schopenhauer's The World as Will and Representation and later admitted that Schopenhauer was one of the few thinkers whom he respected, dedicating the essay "Schopenhauer as Educator" in the Untimely Meditations to him. "[139] At one point, Nietzsche becomes even more adamant about his Polish identity. [292] In Russia, Nietzsche influenced Russian symbolism[293] and figures such as Dmitry Merezhkovsky,[294] Andrei Bely,[295] Vyacheslav Ivanov and Alexander Scriabin incorporated or discussed parts of Nietzsche philosophy in their works. Declinazioni italiane della «morte di Dio». sfn error: no target: CITEREFNietzsche2001 (, Wahrig-Schmidt, B. However, in 1888 the influential Danish critic Georg Brandes aroused considerable excitement about Nietzsche through a series of lectures he gave at the University of Copenhagen. Max Weber and Martin Heidegger absorbed it and made it their own. Oltre l'abisso. Nietzsche used these two forces because, for him, the world of mind and order on one side, and passion and chaos on the other, formed principles that were fundamental to the Greek culture:[164][165] the Apollonian a dreaming state, full of illusions; and Dionysian a state of intoxication, representing the liberations of instinct and dissolution of boundaries. "Unger, Castoriadis, and the Romance of a National Future. The death of God may lead beyond bare perspectivism to outright nihilism, the belief that nothing has any inherent importance and that life lacks purpose. In the fall of 1888, his writings and letters began to reveal a higher estimation of his own status and "fate". Nietzsche wrote of the affair in 1883, that he now felt "genuine hatred for my sister".[92]. [180] This view has acquired the name perspectivism. By that time Nietzsche appeared fully in the grip of a serious mental illness,[108] and his mother Franziska decided to transfer him to a clinic in Jena under the direction of Otto Binswanger. The will to live would become the will to dominate; pessimism founded on reflection would become optimism founded on courage; the suspense of the will in contemplation would yield to a more biological account of intelligence and taste; finally in the place of pity and asceticism (Schopenhauer's two principles of morals) Nietzsche would set up the duty of asserting the will at all costs and being cruelly but beautifully strong. Nietzsche admired both greatly and during his time at Basel frequently visited Wagner's house in Tribschen in Lucerne. The name derives from the forename Nikolaus, abbreviated to Nick; assimilated with the Slavic Nitz; it first became Nitsche and then Nietzsche. 1987. On his 44th birthday, after completing Twilight of the Idols and The Antichrist, he decided to write the autobiography Ecce Homo. [175] Painter Mark Rothko was influenced by Nietzsche's view of tragedy presented in The Birth of Tragedy. Jahrhunderts. "[152][153], Köhler's views have not found wide acceptance among Nietzsche scholars and commentators. ISBN 10: 8868262754. [224] As Heidegger pointed out in his lectures on Nietzsche, Nietzsche's first mention of eternal recurrence presents this concept as a hypothetical question rather than stating it as fact. Media vita in morte sumus (Latin for "In the midst of life we are in death") is the first line of a Gregorian chant, written in the form of a response, and known as "Antiphona pro Peccatis" or "de Morte". [138] Nietzsche wrote in 1888, "My ancestors were Polish noblemen (Nietzky); the type seems to have been well preserved despite three generations of German mothers. Nietzsche had already met Richard Wagner in Leipzig in 1868 and later Wagner's wife, Cosima. It was used to overcome the slave's sense of inferiority before their (better-off) masters. [120] Poisoning by mercury, a treatment for syphilis at the time of Nietzsche's death,[121] has also been suggested. Exceptional people, on the other hand, should follow their own "inner law". After one semester (and to the anger of his mother), he stopped his theological studies and lost his faith. [233] In this way Zarathustra proclaims his ultimate goal as the journey towards the state of overman. Capirai cos'è la trasvalutazione dei valori, la morte di Dio, il nichilismo attivo e passivo, l'oltreuomo, la volontà di potenza e l'eterno ritorno dell'uguale. [254] The essays of Ralph Waldo Emerson had a profound influence on Nietzsche, who "loved Emerson from first to last",[255] wrote "Never have I felt so much at home in a book", and called him "[the] author who has been richest in ideas in this century so far". Nietzsche saw slave morality as pessimistic and fearful, its values emerging to improve the self-perception of slaves. Una delle domande che ci si è posti nella storia della critica a Nietzsche è la considerazione su qual è il "vero" Nietzsche ovvero quale fosse il suo reale intento e cosa volesse comunicare nelle sue opere ovvero quanto di ciò che ha lasciato è filtrabile in maniera lucida separandolo dalla parabola discendente della sua malattia mentale. "[101] In December, Nietzsche began a correspondence with August Strindberg and thought that, short of an international breakthrough, he would attempt to buy back his older writings from the publisher and have them translated into other European languages. Despite the respective and indisputable differences, the goal is to try to unite the two philosophies in order to reply to the prophetic sentence of Nietzsche about the «death of God», cultivated in various ways by the existentialist culture of the last century [71] To this day, Nietzsche is still among the youngest of the tenured Classics professors on record. Nietzsche attended a boys' school and then a private school, where he became friends with Gustav Krug and Wilhelm Pinder, all three of whom came from highly respected families. [221], "Eternal return" (also known as "eternal recurrence") is a hypothetical concept that posits that the universe has been recurring, and will continue to recur, for an infinite number of times across infinite time or space. [41], According to The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "He is famous for uncompromising criticisms of traditional European morality and religion, as well as of conventional philosophical ideas and social and political pieties associated with modernity. It was probably Lichtenberg (along with Paul Rée) whose aphoristic style of writing contributed to Nietzsche's own use of aphorism. [151] There is the claim that Nietzsche's homosexuality was widely known in the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, with Nietzsche's friend Paul Deussen claiming that "he was a man who had never touched a woman. Frederick Delius produced a piece of choral music, A Mass of Life, based on a text of Thus Spoke Zarathustra, while Richard Strauss (who also based his Also sprach Zarathustra on the same book), was only interested in finishing "another chapter of symphonic autobiography. "Nietzsche's Quarrel With Euripides". Amidst renewed bouts of illness, living in near-isolation after a falling out with his mother and sister regarding Salomé, Nietzsche fled to Rapallo, where he wrote the first part of Also Sprach Zarathustra in only ten days. Thus the values a community strives to articulate are not as important as the collective will to see those values come to pass. The 1868 riding accident and diseases in 1870 may have aggravated these persistent conditions, which continued to affect him through his years at Basel, forcing him to take longer and longer holidays until regular work became impractical. "German Philosophy in 1907. "[159], Because of Nietzsche's evocative style and provocative ideas, his philosophy generates passionate reactions. După «Nietzsche-Lexicon» editat de Prof. Cristian Niemeyer (2009), cu participarea a 150 de cercetători specialiști în filozofia lui Nietzsche, sora sa, Elisabeth Forster a măsluit masiv și sistematic opera marelui filosof. One year before the publication of The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche wrote a fragment titled "On Music and Words". [170], Nietzsche claimed that the Christian faith as practiced was not a proper representation of Jesus' teachings, as it forced people merely to believe in the way of Jesus but not to act as Jesus did; in particular, his example of refusing to judge people, something that Christians constantly did. [336] In Memories, Dreams, Reflections, a biography transcribed by his secretary, he cites Nietzsche as a large influence. She studied Nietzsche's works and, piece by piece, took control of their publication. Mit frisch entdeckten Aufzeichnungen von Ida Overbeck neu ediert von, Constable, Marianne. La morte di Dio | Frederick Nietzsche | download | B–OK. CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System. [139], It is not known why Nietzsche wanted to be thought of as Polish nobility. The overman is the meaning of the earth. Nietzsche is adamant that the works of Aeschylus and Sophocles represent the apex of artistic creation, the true realization of tragedy; it is with Euripides, that tragedy begins its Untergang (literally 'going under' or 'downward-way;' meaning decline, deterioration, downfall, death, etc.). Milkowski, Marcin. [83] Nietzsche occasionally returned to Naumburg to visit his family, and, especially during this time, he and his sister had repeated periods of conflict and reconciliation. [150] Nigel Rodgers and Mel Thompson have argued that continuous sickness and headaches hindered Nietzsche from engaging much with women. [2] Nietzsche resigned in 1879 due to health problems that plagued him most of his life; he completed much of his core writing in the following decade. [306] Chaim Weizmann was a great admirer of Nietzsche; the first president of Israel sent Nietzsche's books to his wife, adding a comment in a letter that "This was the best and finest thing I can send to you. Rivista di scienze della comunicazione e di argomentazione giuridica - A. XI (2019) n. 2", Trieste, EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2019, pp. He believed the press and mass culture led to conformity, brought about mediocrity, and the lack of intellectual progress was leading to the decline of the human species. La particolarità del pensiero di Nietzsche, la sua unicità, ha sempre generato nella critica degli interrogativi. Between 1868 and 1870, he published two other studies on Diogenes Laertius: This is how R. B. Pippin describes Nietzsche's views in, Nietzsche comments in many notes about the matter being a hypothesis drawn from the metaphysics of substance. The Nazis tried to incorporate the concept into their ideology. 115 letters 1874–1886 | Correspondences", "The lost 'Aryan utopia' of Nueva Germania", "Nietzsches Briefe. "[149] The acquisition of the infection from a homosexual brothel was confirmed by Sigmund Freud, who cited Otto Binswanger as his source. ". Declinazioni italiane della «morte di Dio» [Corriero, Emilio Carlo] on Amazon.com.au. According to a letter he wrote to Peter Gast, this was due to his "attitude towards Christianity and the concept of God".[95]. 1941. [97][98] Through correspondence, Nietzsche's relationship with Elisabeth continued through cycles of conflict and reconciliation, but they met again only after his collapse. I am proud of my Polish descent. [300][301] The Dreyfus affair provided a contrasting example of his reception: the French antisemitic Right labelled the Jewish and leftist intellectuals who defended Alfred Dreyfus as "Nietzscheans". Oltre l'abisso. Nietzsche. "[281][282][283] Nietzsche made an impact on composers during the 1890s. [299], By World War I, Nietzsche had acquired a reputation as an inspiration for right-wing German militarism and leftist politics. However, in March 1868, while jumping into the saddle of his horse, Nietzsche struck his chest against the pommel and tore two muscles in his left side, leaving him exhausted and unable to walk for months. Friedrich Nietzsche, Complete Works Vol. He spent many summers in Sils Maria near St. Moritz in Switzerland. Overbeck and Gast decided to withhold publishing The Antichrist and Ecce Homo because of their more radical content. [286] Critics have suggested that the character of David Grief in A Son of the Sun was based on Nietzsche. He turned away from the influence of Schopenhauer, and after he severed his social ties with Wagner, Nietzsche had few remaining friends. Man is something that shall be overcome. Übersetzt von Ida Overbeck, initiiert von Friedrich Nietzsche. Maudemarie Clark and Alan Swensen in their edition, Hinden, Michael. He was regarded as one of the finest riders among his fellow recruits, and his officers predicted that he would soon reach the rank of captain. [150] Köhler also suggests Nietzsche may have had a romantic relationship, as well as a friendship, with Paul Rée. The "good man" of master morality is precisely the "evil man" of slave morality, while the "bad man" is recast as the "good man". "[42], Nietzsche's writing spans philosophical polemics, poetry, cultural criticism, and fiction while displaying a fondness for aphorism and irony. Utilitarians claim that what moves people is the desire to be happy and accumulate pleasure in their lives. Modern Europe and Christianity exist in a hypocritical state due to a tension between master and slave morality, both contradictory values determining, to varying degrees, the values of most Europeans (who are "motley"). He associated slave morality with the Jewish and Christian traditions, as it is born out of the ressentiment of slaves. In constructing a world where objective knowledge is possible, Christianity is an antidote to a primal form of nihilism—the despair of meaninglessness. Krell, David Farrell, and Donald L. Bates. Nietzsche. Let you will say: the overman shall be the meaning of the earth ... Man is a rope, tied between beast and overman—a rope over an abyss ... what is great in man is that he is a bridge and not an end. Pity makes suffering contagious.[198]. While the three spent a number of weeks together in Leipzig in October 1882, the following month Rée and Salomé ditched Nietzsche, leaving for Stibbe (today Zdbowo in Poland)[91] without any plans to meet again. "[307] Israel Eldad, the ideological chief of the Stern Gang that fought the British in Palestine in the 1940s, wrote about Nietzsche in his underground newspaper and later translated most of Nietzsche's books into Hebrew. Buon ascolto [75][76], Nevertheless, Nietzsche served in the Prussian forces during the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) as a medical orderly. Save for later. OAI identifier: oai:ricerca.sns.it:11384/3632 Provided by: Archivio istituzionale della Ricerca - … Additionally, he became acquainted with Ernst Ortlepp, an eccentric, blasphemous, and often drunken poet who was found dead in a ditch weeks after meeting the young Nietzsche but who may have introduced Nietzsche to the music and writing of Richard Wagner. ", Riley, T. A. According to biographer R. J. Hollingdale, Nietzsche's propagation of the Polish ancestry myth may have been part of his "campaign against Germany. Moreover, he planned the publication of the compilation Nietzsche contra Wagner and of the poems that made up his collection Dionysian-Dithyrambs. "[204], The statement "God is dead," occurring in several of Nietzsche's works (notably in The Gay Science), has become one of his best-known remarks. "[191] Just as "there is an order of rank between man and man", there is also an order of rank "between morality and morality. [108] During this process Overbeck and Gast contemplated what to do with Nietzsche's unpublished works. [122], In 1898 and 1899, Nietzsche suffered at least two strokes. He also acquired the publication rights for his earlier works and over the next year issued second editions of The Birth of Tragedy, Human, All Too Human, Daybreak, and of The Gay Science with new prefaces placing the body of his work in a more coherent perspective. Die Philosophie des Nihilismus". [107], On 6 January 1889, Burckhardt showed the letter he had received from Nietzsche to Overbeck. Georges Bataille was also influential in this revival, defending Nietzsche against appropriation by the Nazis with his notable 1937 essay "Nietzsche and Fascists". [115] Nietzsche had previously written, "All superior men who were irresistibly drawn to throw off the yoke of any kind of morality and to frame new laws had, if they were not actually mad, no alternative but to make themselves or pretend to be mad." Nietzsche approached the problem of nihilism as a deeply personal one, stating that this problem of the modern world had "become conscious" in him. In March 1890, Franziska removed Nietzsche from the clinic and, in May 1890, brought him to her home in Naumburg. Filolog, filozof i pesnik. [147] One theory blames Salomé's view on sexuality as one of the reasons for her alienation from Nietzsche. La teologia delia morte di DioIneontri culturali Perche 1'etica, perche il trágicoPrassi e teoria Nietzsche e !a filosofia . Hecker, Hellmuth. [183] Philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre put Nietzsche in a high place in the history of philosophy. [322] Bertrand Russell wrote that Nietzsche had exerted great influence on philosophers and on people of literary and artistic culture, but warned that the attempt to put Nietzsche's philosophy of aristocracy into practice could only be done by an organization similar to the Fascist or the Nazi party. The Greek spectators, by looking into the abyss of human suffering depicted by characters on stage, passionately and joyously affirmed life, finding it worth living. It is debated among scholars whether Hitler read Nietzsche, although if he did, it may not have been extensively. Nietzsche recognized this and maintained his solitude, though he often complained. Academic records from one of the schools attended by Nietzsche noted that he excelled in Christian theology. [110] Langbehn assumed progressively greater control of Nietzsche until his secretiveness discredited him.
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